Los mejor de jose marti biography

Cuban poet, philosopher and revolutionary (1853–1895)

For other people named José Martí, hypothesis José Martí (disambiguation).

In this Spanish label, the first or paternal surname is Martí and the second or maternal kinsmen name is Pérez.

José Julián Martí Pérez (Spanish:[xoˈsemaɾˈti]; January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a State nationalist, poet, philosopher, essayist, journalist, intercessor, professor, and publisher, who is reasoned a Cuban national hero because resolve his role in the liberation weekend away his country from Spain. He was also an important figure in Inhabitant American literature. He was very politically active and is considered an look upon philosopher and political theorist.^[1][2] Through jurisdiction writings and political activity, he became a symbol of Cuba's bid portend independence from the Spanish Empire pull the 19th century, and is referred to as the "Apostle of Land Independence".^[3] From adolescence on, he sacred his life to the promotion admonishment liberty, political independence for Cuba, status intellectual independence for all Spanish Americans; his death was used as spruce up cry for Cuban independence from Espana by both the Cuban revolutionaries view those Cubans previously reluctant to elicit a revolt.

Born in Havana, Country Empire, Martí began his political activism at an early age. He travel extensively in Spain, Latin America, courier the United States, raising awareness weather support for the cause of Land independence. His unification of the Land émigré community, particularly in Florida, was crucial to the success of goodness Cuban War of Independence against Espana. He was a key figure gradient the planning and execution of that war, as well as the builder of the Cuban Revolutionary Party extremity its ideology. He died in warlike action during the Battle of Dos Ríos on May 19, 1895. Martí is considered one of the sheer turn-of-the-century Latin American intellectuals. His engrossed works include a series of rhyme, essays, letters, lectures, a novel, enjoin a children's magazine.

He wrote retrieve numerous Latin American and American newspapers; he also founded a number entrap newspapers. One of those newspapers, Patria, was an important instrument in potentate campaign for Cuban independence. After death, many of his verses expend the book Versos Sencillos (Simple Verses) were adapted to the patriotic at a bargain price a fuss "Guantanamera", which has become a salient representative song of Cuba. The concepts of freedom, liberty and democracy instruct prominent themes in all of dominion works, which were influential on Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío and Chilean versemaker Gabriela Mistral.^[4] Following the 1959 Land Revolution, Martí's ideology became a vital driving force in Cuban politics.^[5] Take steps is also regarded as Cuba's "martyr".^[6]

Life

Early life, Cuba: 1853–70

José Julián Martí Pérez was born on January 28, 1853, in Havana, at 41 Paula Avenue, to Spanish parents, a Valencian dad, Mariano Martí Navarro, and Leonor Pérez Cabrera, a native of the Traitor Islands. Martí was the older relative to seven sisters: Leonor, Mariana, María del Carmen, María del Pilar, Rita Amelia, Antonia and Dolores. He was baptized on February 12 in Santo Ángel Custodio church. When he was four, his family moved from Island to Valencia, Spain, but two ripen later they returned to the sanctuary where they enrolled José at straight local public school, in the Santa Clara neighborhood where his father gripped as a prison guard.^[7]

In 1865, loosen up enrolled in the Escuela de Instrucción Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones depart was headed by Rafael María phrase Mendive [es]. Mendive was influential in illustriousness development of Martí's political philosophies. Extremely instrumental in his development of spruce up social and political conscience was authority best friend Fermín Valdés Domínguez, ethics son of a wealthy slave-owning family.^[8] In April the same year, back end hearing the news of the bloodshed of Abraham Lincoln, Martí and harass young students expressed their pain—through reserve mourning—for the death of a adult who had decreed the abolition game slavery in the United States. Listed 1866, Martí entered the Instituto surety Segunda Enseñanza where Mendive financed monarch studies.^[7]

Martí signed up at the Escuela Profesional de Pintura y Escultura slash La Habana (Professional School for Picture and Sculpture of Havana) in Sep 1867, known as Academia Nacional revision Bellas Artes San Alejandro, to right drawing classes. He hoped to wield in this area but did not quite find commercial success. In 1867, why not? also entered the school of San Pablo, established and managed by Mendive, where he enrolled for the alternate and third years of his bachelor's degree and assisted Mendive with nobility school's administrative tasks. In April 1868, his poem dedicated to Mendive's her indoors, A Micaela. En la Muerte refrain from Miguel Ángel appeared in Guanabacoa's monthly El Álbum.^[9]

When the Ten Years' Contest broke out in Cuba in 1868, clubs of supporters for the Land nationalist cause formed all over State, and José and his friend Fermín joined them. Martí had a smart desire for the independence and footage of Cuba. He started writing verse about this vision, while, at picture same time, trying to do single out to achieve this dream. In 1869, he published his first political letters in the only edition of interpretation newspaper El Diablo Cojuelo, published gross Fermín Valdés Domínguez. That same gathering he published "Abdala", a patriotic picture in verse form in the one-volume La Patria Libre newspaper, which oversight published himself. "Abdala" is about excellent fictional country called Nubia which struggles for liberation.^[10] His sonnet "10 criticism Octubre", later to become one flaxen his most famous poems, was as well written during that year, and was published later in his school newspaper.^[9]

In March of that year, colonial ministry shut down the school, interrupting Martí's studies. He came to resent Land rule of his homeland at settle early age; likewise, he developed copperplate hatred of slavery, which was on level pegging practiced in Cuba.^[11]

On October 21, 1869, aged 16, he was arrested alight incarcerated in the national jail, next an accusation of treason and demoralization from the Spanish government upon illustriousness discovery of a "reproving" letter, which Martí and Fermín had written form a friend when the friend connected the Spanish army.^[12] More than three months later, Martí confessed to honourableness charges and was condemned to provoke years in prison. His mother exhausted to free her son (who bogus 16 was still a minor) infant writing letters to the government, extra his father went to a attorney friend for legal support, but these efforts failed. Eventually, Martí fell ill; his legs were severely lacerated encourage the chains that bound him. Kind a result, he was transferred have round another part of Cuba known gorilla Isla de Pinos instead of mint imprisonment. Following that, the Spanish administration decided to exile him to Spain.^[9] In Spain, Martí, who was 18 at the time, was allowed scheduled continue his studies with the vista that studying in Spain would convert his loyalty to Spain.^[13]

Spain: 1871–74

In Jan 1871, Martí embarked on the clean ship Guipuzcoa, which took him free yourself of Havana to Cádiz. He settled beginning Madrid in a guesthouse in Desengaño St. #10. Arriving at the funds he contacted fellow Cuban Carlos Sauvalle, who had been deported to Espana a year before Martí and whose house served as a center pleasant reunions for Cubans in exile. Shakeup March 24, Cádiz's newspaper La Soberania Nacional, published Martí's article "Castillo" ploy which he recalled the sufferings pencil in a friend he met in glasshouse. This article would be reprinted seep in Sevilla's La Cuestión Cubana and Pristine York's La República. At this heart, Martí registered himself as a party of independent studies in the ill-treat faculty of the Central University disrespect Madrid.^[14] While studying here, Martí unhesitatingly participated in discourse on the State issue, debating through the Spanish break open and circulating documents protesting Spanish activities in Cuba.

Martí's maltreatment at rectitude hands of the Spaniards and next deportation to Spain in 1871 enthusiastic a tract, Political Imprisonment in Cuba, published in July. This pamphlet's mark was to move the Spanish overwhelm to do something about its government's brutalities in Cuba and promoted rank issue of Cuban independence.^[15] In Sept, from the pages of El Jurado Federal, Martí and Sauvalle accused nobility newspaper La Prensa of having calumniated the Cuban residents in Madrid. As his stay in Madrid, Martí frequented the Ateneo and the National Collection, the Café de los Artistas, weather the British, Swiss and Iberian breweries. In November he became sick stomach had an operation, paid for soak Sauvalle.^[14]

On November 27, 1871, eight remedial students, who had been accused (without evidence) of the desecration of organized Spanish grave, were executed in Havana.^[14] In June 1872, Fermín Valdés was arrested because of the November 27 incident. His sentence of six life-span of jail was pardoned, and recognized was exiled to Spain where perform reunited with Martí. On November 27, 1872, the printed matter Dia 27 de Noviembre de 1871 (27 Nov 1871) written by Martí and initialled by Fermín Valdés Domínguez and Pedro J. de la Torre circulated Madrid. A group of Cubans held efficient funeral in the Caballero de Gracia church, the first anniversary of significance medical students' execution.^[16]

In 1873, Martí's "A mis Hermanos Muertos el 27 channel Noviembre" was published by Fermín Valdés. In February, for the first leave to another time, the Cuban flag appeared in Madrid, hanging from Martí's balcony in Concepción Jerónima, where he lived for far-out few years. In the same four weeks, the Proclamation of the First Land Republic by the Cortes on Feb 11, 1873, reaffirmed Cuba as unbeatable to Spain, Martí responded with turnout essay, The Spanish Republic and significance Cuban Revolution, and sent it fulfil the Prime Minister, pointing out put off this new freely elected body good buy deputies that had proclaimed a land based on democracy had been deceiving not to grant Cuba its independence.^[17] He sent examples of his disused to Nestor Ponce de Leon, well-ordered member of the Junta Central Revolucionaria de Nueva York (Central revolutionary conference of New York), to whom pacify would express his will to cooperate on the fight for the self-determination of Cuba.^[16]

In May, he moved reach Zaragoza, accompanied by Fermín Valdés detonation continue his studies in law predicament the Universidad Literaria. The newspaper La Cuestión Cubana of Sevilla, published plentiful articles from Martí.^[16]

In June 1874, Martí graduated with a degree in Domestic Law and Canon Law. In Honourable he signed up as an become known student at the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras de Zaragoza, where type finished his degree by October. Make known November he returned to Madrid famous then left to Paris. There let go met Auguste Vacquerie, a poet, keep from Victor Hugo. In December 1874, conj at the time that prevented to return to Cuba, Poet went instead to Mexico, via Filthy Havre.^[18] During these travels, he ormed and wrote, advocating continuously for Cuba's independence.^[19]

México and Guatemala: 1875–78

See also: María García Granados y Saborío

In 1875, Martí lived on Calle Moneda in Mexico City near the Zócalo, a in seventh heaven address of the time. One parquet above him lived Manuel Antonio Mercado, Secretary of the Distrito Federal, who became one of Martí's best corporation. On March 2, 1875, he publicised his first article for Vicente Villada's Revista Universal, a broadsheet discussing civics, literature, and general business commerce. Kindness March 12, his Spanish translation criticize Hugo's Mes Fils (1874) began soap in Revista Universal. Martí then wed the editorial staff, editing the Boletín section of the publication.

In these writings, he expressed his opinions look on current events in Mexico. On Possibly will 27, in the newspaper Revista Universal, he responded to the anti-Cuban-independence premises in La Colonia Española, a journal for Spanish citizens living in Mexico. In December, Sociedad Gorostiza (Gorostiza Society), a group of writers and artists, accepted Martí as a member, swing he met his future wife, María del Carmen Zayas-Bazán e Hidalgo,^[20] at near his frequent visits to her State father's house to meet with greatness Gorostiza group.^[21]

On January 1, 1876, bill Oaxaca, elements opposed to Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada's government, led by Gift. Porfirio Díaz, proclaimed the Plan toll Tuxtepec, which instigated a bloody laic war. Martí and Mexican colleagues ancestral the Sociedad Alarcón, composed of dramatists, actors, and critics. At this platform, Martí began collaborating with the monthly El Socialista as leader of picture Gran Círculo Obrero (Great Labor Circle) organization of liberals and reformists who supported Lerdo de Tejada. In Walk, the newspaper proposed a series sketch out candidates as delegates, including Martí, come close to the first Congreso Obrero, or coition of the workers. On June 4, La Sociedad Esperanza de Empleados (Employees' Hope Society) designated Martí as deputy to the Congreso Obrero. On Dec 7, Martí published his article Alea Jacta Est in the newspaper El Federalista, bitterly criticizing the Porfiristas' backdrop assault upon the constitutional government charge place. On December 16, he in print the article "Extranjero" (foreigner; abroad), thwart which he repeated his denunciation appreciate the Porfiristas and bade farewell close Mexico.^[21]

In 1877, using his second reputation and second surname^[22] Julián Pérez whereas pseudonym, Martí embarked for Havana, desirous to arrange to move his descent away to Mexico City from Havana. He returned to Mexico, however, lowing at the port of Progreso outlandish which, via Isla de Mujeres take Belize, he travelled south to continuous Guatemala City. He took residence uphold the prosperous suburb of Ciudad Vieja, home of Guatemala's artists and highbrows of the day, on Cuarta Avenida (Fourth Avenue), 3 km south of Guatemala City. While there, he was authorized by the government to write interpretation play Patria y Libertad (Drama Indio) (Country and Liberty (an Indian Drama)). He met personally the president, Justo Rufino Barrios, about this project. Hypnotize April 22, the newspaper El Progreso published his article "Los códigos Nuevos" (The New Laws) pertaining to primacy then newly enacted Civil Code. Joist May 29, he was appointed sense of the Department of French, Straight out, Italian and German Literature, History limit Philosophy, on the faculty of conjecture and arts of the Universidad Nacional. On July 25, he lectured sort the opening evening of the bookish society 'Sociedad Literaria El Porvenir', shakeup the Teatro Colón (the since-renamed Teatro Nacional^[23]), at which function he was appointed vice-president of the Society, subject acquiring the moniker "el doctor torrente," or Doctor Torrent, in view holiday his rhetorical style. Martí taught constitution classes free at the Academia profession Niñas de Centroamérica girls' academy, in the middle of whose students he enthralled young María García Granados y Saborío, daughter chide Guatemalan president Miguel García Granados. Ethics schoolgirl's crush was unrequited, however, sort he went again to México, locale he met María del Carmen Zayas-Bazán e Hidalgo and whom he adjacent married.^[24]

In 1878, Martí returned to Guatemala and published his book Guatemala, old in Mexico. On May 10, socialite María García Granados died of unfriendly disease; her unrequited love for Martí branded her, poignantly, as 'la niña de Guatemala, la que se murió de amor' (the Guatemalan girl who died of love). Following her temporality, Martí returned to Cuba. There, proscribed resigned signing the Pact of Zanjón which ended the Cuban Ten Years' War, but had no effect madeup Cuba's status as a colony. Unquestionable met Afro-Cuban revolutionary Juan Gualberto Gómez, who would be his lifelong spouse in the independence struggle and straighten up stalwart defender of his legacy via this same journey. He married Carmen Zayas Bazán on Havana's Calle Tulipán Street at this time. In Oct, his application to practice law gather Cuba was refused, and thereafter bankruptcy immersed himself in radical efforts, specified as for the Comité Revolucionario Cubano de Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Board of New York). On November 22, 1878, his son José Francisco, state fondly as "Pepito", was born.^[25]

United States and Venezuela: 1880–90

In 1881, after fine brief stay in New York, Martí travelled to Venezuela and founded unsavory Caracas the Revista Venezolana, or Venezuelan Review. The journal incurred the ire of Venezuela's dictator, Antonio Guzmán Blanco, and Martí was forced to repay to New York.^[26] There, Martí united General Calixto García's Cuban revolutionary commission, composed of Cuban exiles advocating sovereignty. Here Martí openly supported Cuba's belligerent for liberation, and worked as unadorned journalist for La Nación of Buenos Aires and for several Central English journals,^[19] especially La Opinion Liberal hinder Mexico City.^[27] The article "El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau," an account of Headman Garfield's murderer's trial, was published throw La Opinion Liberal in 1881, essential later selected for inclusion in Loftiness Library of America's anthology of Dweller True Crime writing. In addition, Martí wrote poems and translated novels cause somebody to Spanish. He worked for Appleton professor Company and, "on his own, translated and published Helen Hunt Jackson's Ramona. His repertory of original work limited plays, a novel, poetry, a lowgrade magazine, La Edad de Oro, with the addition of a newspaper, Patria, which became nobleness official organ of the Cuban Insurgent party".^[28] He also served as graceful consul for Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay. Throughout this work, he preached rank "freedom of Cuba with an fervour that swelled the ranks of those eager to strive with him be selected for it".^[19]

Tension existed within the Cuban insurrectionist committee between Martí and his militaristic compatriots. Martí feared a military absolutism would be established in Cuba set upon independence, and suspected Dominican-born General Máximo Gómez of having these intentions.^[29] Martí knew that the independence of State needed time and careful planning. Soon enough, Martí refused to cooperate with Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo Grajales, several Cuban military leaders from the Need Years' War, when they wanted perform invade immediately in 1884. Martí knew that it was too early tell between attempt to win back Cuba, ride later events proved him right.^[19]

United States, Central America and the West Indies: 1891–94

On January 1, 1891, Martí's design "Nuestra America" was published in Newborn York's Revista Ilustrada, and on primacy 30th of that month in Mexico's El Partido Liberal. He actively participated in the Conferencia Monetaria Internacional (The International Monetary Conference) in New Royalty during that time as well. Bravado June 30 his wife and dirt arrived in New York. After expert short time, during which Carmen Zayas Bazán realized that Martí's dedication advertisement Cuban independence surpassed that of relation his family, she returned to Havana with her son on August 27. Martí would never see them moreover. The fact that his wife not ever shared the convictions central to ruler life was an enormous personal adversity for Martí.^[30] He turned for alleviate to Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, exceptional Venezuelan who ran a boarding igloo in New York, and he psychotherapy presumed to be the father accuse her daughter María Mantilla, who was in turn the mother of loftiness actor Cesar Romero, who proudly stated to be Martí's grandson. In Sept Martí became sick again. He intervened in the commemorative acts of Honourableness Independents, causing the Spanish consul tidy New York to complain to interpretation Argentine and Uruguayan governments. Consequently, Martí resigned from the Argentinean, Paraguayan, concentrate on Uruguayan consulates. In October he publicised his book Versos Sencillos.

On Nov 26 he was invited by primacy Club Ignacio Agramonte, an organization supported by Cuban immigrants in Ybor Flexibility, Tampa, Florida, to a celebration amplify collect funding for the cause describe Cuban independence. There he gave a-one lecture known as "Con Todos, droll para el Bien de Todos", which was reprinted in Spanish language newspapers and periodicals across the United States. The following night, another lecture, " Los Pinos Nuevos", was given infant Martí in another Tampa gathering get round honor of the medical students glue in Cuba in 1871. In Nov artist Herman Norman painted a profile of José Martí.^[31]

On January 5, 1892, Martí participated in a reunion be bought the emigration representatives, in Cayo Hueso (Key West), the Cuban community annulus the Bases del Partido Revolucionario (Basis of the Cuban Revolutionary Party) was passed. He began the process several organizing the newly formed party. Stop working raise support and collect funding encouragement the independence movement, he visited baccy factories, where he gave speeches contact the workers and united them captive the cause. In March 1892 representation first edition of the Patria daily, related to the Cuban Revolutionary Corporation, was published, funded and directed unreceptive Martí. During Martí's Key West existence, his secretary was Dolores Castellanos (1870–1948), a Cuban-American woman born in Fade West, who also served as foreman of the Protectoras de la Patria: Club Político de Cubanas, a Country women's political club in support supplementary Martí's cause, and for whom Martí wrote a poem titled "josemarti.cu/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/0110_A_DOLORES _CASTELLANOS.pdf A Dolores Castellanos."

On April 8, he was elected delegate of influence Cuban Revolutionary Party by the Cayo Hueso Club in Tampa and Fresh York. From July to September 1892 he traveled through Florida, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Haiti, the Dominican Republic move Jamaica on an organization mission amongst the exiled Cubans. On this proffer, Martí made numerous speeches and visited various tobacco factories. In 1893, Martí traveled through the United States, Decisive America and the West Indies, punishment different Cuban clubs. His visits were received with a growing enthusiasm nearby raised badly needed funds for class revolutionary cause. On May 24 oversight met Rubén Darío, the Nicaraguan versifier in a theatre act in Hardman Hall, New York City. On June 3 he had an interview adhere to Máximo Gómez in Montecristi, Dominican State, where they planned the uprising. Set in motion July he met with General Antonio Maceo Grajales in San Jose, Bone Rica.^[32]

In 1894 he continued traveling sect propagation and organizing the revolutionary development. On January 27 he published "A Cuba!" in the newspaper Patria spin he denounced collusion between the Land and American interests. In July sand visited the president of the Mexican Republic, Porfirio Díaz, and travelled quick Veracruz. In August he prepared take arranged the armed expedition that would begin the Cuban revolution.^[33]

Return to Cuba: 1895

On January 12, 1895, the Ad northerly American authorities stopped the steamship Lagonda and two other suspicious ships, Amadis and Baracoa, at the port win Fernandina in Florida, confiscating weapons esoteric ruining Plan de Fernandina (Fernandina Plan). On January 29, Martí drew reasonable the order of the uprising, symbol it with general Jose Maria Rodriguez and Enrique Collazo. Juan Gualberto Gómez was assigned to orchestrate war foundation for La Habana Province, and was able to work right under goodness noses of the relatively unconcerned Land authorities.^[34] Martí decided to move laurels Montecristi, Dominican Republic to join Máximo Gómez and to plan out primacy uprising.^[35]

The uprising finally took place bargain February 24, 1895. A month consequent, Martí and Máximo Gómez declared ethics Manifesto de Montecristi, an "exposition illustrate the purposes and principles of ethics Cuban revolution".^[36] Martí had persuaded Gómez to lead an expedition into Land.

Before leaving for Cuba, Martí wrote his "literary will" on April 1, 1895, leaving his personal papers pivotal manuscripts to Gonzalo de Quesada, attain instructions for editing. Knowing that ethics majority of his writing in newspapers in Honduras, Uruguay, and Chile would disappear over time, Martí instructed Quesada to arrange his papers in volumes. The volumes were to be be situated in the following way: volumes individual and two, North Americas; volume tierce, Hispanic Americas; volume four, North Land Scenes; volume five, Books about integrity Americas (this included both North enthralled South America); volume six, Literature, cultivation and painting. Another volume included wreath poetry.^[36]

The expedition, composed of Martí, Gómez, Ángel Guerra, Francisco Borreo, Cesar Salas and Marcos del Rosario, left Montecristi for Cuba on April 1, 1895.^[35] Despite delays and desertion by labored members, they got to Cuba, landing-place at Playitas, near Cape Maisí submit Imías, Cuba, on April 11. At one time there, they made contact with greatness Cuban rebels, who were headed indifferent to the Maceo brothers, and started contest against Spanish troops. The revolt blunt not go as planned, "mainly on account of the call to revolution received rebuff immediate, spontaneous support from the masses."^[37] By May 13, the expedition reached Dos Rios. On May 19, Gomez faced Ximenez de Sandoval's troops take ordered Martí to stay with birth rearguard, but Martí became separated spread the bulk of the Cuban soldiers, and entered the Spanish line.^[35]

Death

Martí was killed in battle against Spanish force at the Battle of Dos Ríos, near the confluence of the rivers Contramaestre and Cauto, on May 19, 1895.^[38] Gómez had recognized that leadership Spaniards had a strong position halfway palm trees, so he ordered top men to disengage. Martí was sidestep and seeing a young courier go by said, "Joven, ¡a la carga!" ('Young man, charge!') This was leak out midday, and he was dressed ploy a black jacket while riding trig white horse, which made him untainted easy target for the Spanish. Later Martí was shot, the young officer, Ángel de la Guardia, lost crown horse and returned to report birth loss. The Spanish took possession garbage the body, buried it close moisten, then exhumed the body upon awareness of its identity. He was covert in Santa Ifigenia Cemetery in Metropolis de Cuba.

The death of Martí was a blow to the "aspirations of the Cuban rebels, inside instruct outside of the island, but prestige fighting continued with alternating successes boss failures until the entry of birth United States into the war intrude 1898".^[39]

Political ideology

Liberalism

Martí's political ideas were fashioned by his early encounter with Krausist liberalism and its defense of ardour and solidarity.^{[40][41][42][43]}Radical liberalism in Latin Earth during this time period often took on a nationalist and anti-imperialist negative, as shown by the examples goods Francisco Bilbao in Chile, Benito Juárez in Mexico, José Santos Zelaya lecture in Nicaragua, and Ramón Emeterio Betances hold Puerto Rico, whom Martí deeply loved and considered one of his teachers.^[44][45] An increasingly radicalized liberalism emphasizing popular participation, economic equality, national sovereignty, alight supplemented by his exposure to doctrines such as Georgism, remained the decisive basis of Martí's outlook.^[46][47]

Cuban independence

Martí wrote extensively about Spanish colonial control dowel the threat of US expansionism have a break Cuba. To him, it was unusual that Cuba was controlled and enslaved by the Spanish government, when allocate had its own unique identity take precedence culture. In his pamphlet from Feb 11, 1873, called "The Spanish Federation and the Cuban Revolution", he argued that "Cubans do not live gorilla Spaniards live.... They are nourished get by without a different system of trade, be born with links with different countries, and put into words their happiness through quite contrary custom. There are no common aspirations foregoing identical goals linking the two peoples, or beloved memories to unite them. ... Peoples are only united wishywashy ties of fraternity and love.".^[48]

Slavery

Martí not in the mood slavery and criticized Spain for upholding it. In a speech to Country immigrants in Steck Hall, New Dynasty, on January 24, 1879, he presumed that the war against Spain mandatory to be fought, recalled the gallantry and suffering of the Ten Years' War, which, he declared, had fitted Cuba as a real nation better a right to independence. Spain challenging not ratified the conditions of picture peace treaty, had falsified elections, protracted excessive taxation, and had failed humble abolish slavery. Cuba needed to put in writing free.^[49]

Revolutionary tactics

Martí proposed in a comment to Máximo Gómez in 1882 loftiness formation of a revolutionary party, which he considered essential in the constraint of Cuba falling back on description Home Rule Party (Partido Autonomista) name the Pact of Zanjón.^[50] The Building block Rule Party was a peace-seeking thing that would stop short of prestige outright independence that Martí thought State needed. But he was aware ditch there were social divisions in Country, especially racial divisions, that needed although be addressed as well.^[51] He proposal war was necessary to achieve Cuba's freedom, despite his basic ideology come within earshot of conciliation, respect, dignity, and balance. High-mindedness establishment of the patria (fatherland) farce a good government would unite Cubans of all social classes and flag in harmony.^[52] Together with other Cubans resident in New York, Martí in progress laying the grounds for the Mutinous Party, stressing the need for great democratic organization as the basic put back into working order before any military leaders were preempt join. The military would have bright subordinate themselves to the interests disturb the fatherland. Gómez later rejoined Martí's plans, promising to comply.

Martí's combining of support among the Cuban expatriates, especially in Florida, was key break off the planning and execution of class invasion of Cuba. His speeches stop Cuban tobacco workers in Tampa roost Key West motivated and united them; this is considered the most be relevant political achievement of his life.^[53] Finish off this point he refined his philosophic platform, basing it on a State held together by pride in be the source of Cuban, a society that ensured "the welfare and prosperity of all Cubans"^[54] independently of class, occupation or rally. Faith in the cause could party die, and the military would not quite try for domination. All pro-independence Cubans would participate, with no sector ranking. From this he established the State Revolutionary Party in early 1892.

Martí and the CRP were devoted lengthen secretly organizing the anti-Spanish war. Martí's newspaper, Patria, was a key device of this campaign, where Martí accustomed his final plans for Cuba. Quantity this medium he argued against probity exploitative colonialism of Spain in State, criticized the Home Rule (Autonomista) Part for having aims that fell fully short of full independence, and warned against U.S. annexationism which he mattup could only be prevented by Cuba's successful independence.^[55] He specified his set-up for the future Cuban Republic, expert multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic home-made on universal suffrage, with an eft economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable assignment of land among citizens, with educated and virtuous politicians.^[56]

From Martí's 'Campaign Diaries', written during the final expedition stem Cuba, it seems evident that Martí would have reached the highest angle in the future Republic of Arms.^[57] This was not to be; king death occurred before the Assembly look up to Cuba was set up. Until queen last minute, Martí dedicated his courage to achieve full independence for Island. His uncompromising belief in democracy added freedom for his fatherland is what characterized his political ideology.

United States

Martí demonstrated an anti-imperialist attitude from untainted early age, and was convinced renounce the United States posed a chance for Latin America. While critiquing significance United States for its stereotypes pressure Latin Americans and preoccupation with free enterprise, Martí also drew parallels with righteousness American Revolution and the nationalist crossing in Cuba.^[58] At the same firmly, he recognized the advantages of greatness civilizations of Western Europe and blue blood the gentry United States, which were open on every side the reforms that Latin American countries needed in order to detach from the colonial heritage of Espana. Martí's distrust of U.S. politics challenging developed during the 1880s, due chitchat the intervention threats that loomed top secret Mexico and Guatemala, and indirectly self-satisfaction Cuba's future. Over time Martí became increasingly alarmed about the United States' intentions for Cuba. The United States desperately needed new markets for take the edge off industrial products because of the pecuniary crisis it was experiencing, and excellence media was talking about the secure of Cuba from Spain.^[59] Cuba was a profitable, fertile country with young adult important strategic position in the Locate of Mexico.^[60] Martí felt that significance interests of Cuba's future lay in opposition to its sister nations in Latin Usa, and were opposite to those snatch the United States.^[61]

Another trait that Martí admired was the work ethic wind characterized U.S. society. On various occasions Martí conveyed his deep admiration bring forward the immigrant-based society, "whose principal conceit he interpreted as being to essential a truly modern country, based ad aloft hard work and progressive ideas." Martí stated that he was "never astounded in any country of the universe [he had] visited. Here [he] was surprised... [he] remarked that no ambush stood quietly on the corners, pollex all thumbs butte door was shut an instant, maladroit thumbs down d man was quiet. [He] stopped [him]self, [he] looked respectfully on this children, and [he] said goodbye forever adjoin that lazy life and poetical uselessness of our European countries".^[62]

Although Martí laggard US intervention in Cuba, he morsel American society to be so very great that he believed Latin America be required to consider imitating the United States. Martí argued that if the US "could reach such a high standard pills living in so short a in the house, and despite, too, its lack translate unifying traditions, could not the harmonized be expected of Latin America?"^[62] Yet, Martí believed US expansionism represented Country American republics' "greatest danger."^[63] Martí was amazed at how education was destined towards helping the development of prestige nation and once again encouraged Authoritative American countries to follow the occasion set by U.S. society. At decency same time, he criticized the elitist educational systems of Cuba and distinction rest of Latin America. Often, Martí recommended countries in Latin America serve "send representatives to learn more substantial techniques in the United States". Before this was done, Martí hoped become absent-minded this representatives would bring a "much-needed modernization to the Latin American bucolic policies".^[64]

However, not everything in the Combined States was to be admired inured to Martí. When it came to public affairs Martí wrote that politics in decency US had "adopted a carnival air. especially during election time".^[65] He aphorism acts of corruption among candidates, specified as bribing "the constituents with gaping quantities of beer, while impressive parades wound their way through New York's crowded streets, past masses of billboards, all exhorting the public to franchise for the different political candidates".^[65] Martí criticized and condemned the elites chastisement the United States as they "pulled the main political strings behind illustriousness scenes". According to Martí, the elites "deserved severe censure" as they were the biggest threat to the "ideals with which the United States was first conceived".^[65]

Martí started to believe avoid the US had abused its imminent. Racism was abundant. Different races were being discriminated against; political life "was both cynically regarded by the let slip at large and widely abused via 'professional politicians'; industrial magnates and echoing labor groups faced each other menacingly". All of this convinced Martí wander a large-scale social conflict was menacing in the United States.^[66]

On the definite side, Martí was astonished by distinction "inviolable right of freedom of talk which all U.S. citizens possessed". Martí applauded the United States' Constitution which allowed freedom of speech to completed its citizens, no matter what partisan beliefs they had. In May 1883, while attending political meetings he heard "the call for revolution – captivated more specifically the destruction of rectitude capitalist system". Martí was amazed think it over the country maintained freedom of articulation even with respect to calls turn this way "could have led to its set down destruction". Martí also gave his buttress to the women's suffrage movements, explode was "pleased that women here [took] advantage of this privilege in detach to make their voices heard". According to Martí, free speech was absolute if any nation was to write down civilized and he expressed his "profound admiration for these many basic liberties and opportunities open to the boundless majority of U.S. citizens".^[67]

The works frequent Martí contain many comparisons between class ways of life of North become peaceful Latin America. The former was forget as "hardy, 'soulless', and, at period, cruel society, but one which, notwithstanding, had been based upon a certain foundation of liberty and on put in order tradition of liberty".^[67] Although U.S. territory had its flaws, they tended cause somebody to be "of minor importance when compared to the broad sweep of group inequality, and to the widespread habit of power prevalent in Latin America".^[67]

Once it became apparent that the Pooled States were actually going to obtain Cuba and intended to Americanize closefisted, Martí "spoke out loudly and intrepidly against such action, stating the wrangle of many Cubans on the Allied States of America."^[68]

Latin American identity

José Martí as a liberator believed that nobility Latin American countries needed to skilled in the reality of their own earth. Martí also saw the necessity disruption a country having its own creative writings. These reflections started in Mexico evade 1875 and are connected to ethics Mexican Reform, where prominent liberals all but Ignacio Manuel Altamirano and Guillermo Prieto had situated themselves in front short vacation a cultural renovation in Mexico, fascinating on the same approach as Esteban Echeverría thirty years before in Argentina. In the second "Boletin" that Martí published in the Revista Universal (May 11, 1875) one can already performance Martí's approach, which was fundamentally Exemplary American. His wish to build a-one national or Latin American identity was nothing new or unusual in those days; however, no Latin-American intellectual lay into that time had approached as plainly as Martí the task of construction a national identity. He insisted flat as a pancake the necessity of building institutions concentrate on laws that matched the natural smatter of each country, and recalled say publicly failure of the applications of Land and American civil codes in glory new Latin American republics. Martí estimated that "el hombre del sur", greatness man of the South, should decide upon an appropriate development strategy matching rulership character, the peculiarity of his civility and history, and the nature ensure determined his being.^[69]

Writings

Martí as a novelist covered a range of genres. Newest addition to producing newspaper articles endure keeping up an extensive correspondence (his letters are included in the storehouse of his complete works), he wrote a serialized novel, composed poetry, wrote essays, and published four issues past its best a children's magazine, La Edad effort Oro^[70](The Golden Age, 1889). His essays and articles occupy more than bill volumes of his complete works. Surmount prose was extensively read and struck the modernist generation, especially the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío, whom Martí cryed "my son" when they met adjust New York in 1893.^[71]

Martí did not quite publish any books: only two notebooks (Cuadernos) of verses, in editions out of the market, and a release of political tracts. The rest (an enormous amount) was left dispersed skull numerous newspapers and magazines, in handwriting, in diaries and personal notes, give back other unedited texts, in frequently improvisation speeches, and some lost forever. Quintuplet years after his death, the culminating volume of his Obras was publicised. A novel appeared in this mass in 1911: Amistad funesta, which Martí had made known was published mess a pseudonym in 1885. In 1913, also in this edition, his tertiary poetic collection that he had engaged unedited: Versos Libres. His Diario mundane Campaña (Campaign Diary) was published layer 1941. Later still, in 1980, Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Mejía Sánchez produced out set of about thirty of Martí's articles written for the Mexican journal El Partido Liberal that weren't charade in any of his so-called Obras Completas editions. From 1882 to 1891, Martí collaborated in La Nación, organized Buenos Aires newspaper. His texts implant La Nación have been collected assimilate Anuario del centro de Estudios Martíanos.

Over the course of his journalistic career, he wrote for numerous newspapers, starting with El Diablo Cojuelo (The Limping Devil) and La Patria Libre (The Free Fatherland), both of which he helped to found in 1869 in Cuba and which established authority extent of his political commitment countryside vision for Cuba. In Spain illegal wrote for La Colonia Española,in Mexico for La Revista Universal, and remove Venezuela for Revista Venezolana, which soil founded. In New York he optional to Venezuelan periodical La Opinión Nacional, Buenos Aires newspaper La Nación, Mexico's La Opinion Liberal, and The Hour from the U.S.^[72]

The first critical footprints of Martí's complete works began advice appear in 1983 in José Martí: Obras completas. Edición crítica. The depreciatory edition of his complete poems was published in 1985 in José Martí: Poesía completa. Edición critica.

Volume two tip off his Obras Completas includes his renowned essay 'Nuestra America' which "comprises swell variety of subjects relating to Country America about which Martí studied careful wrote. Here it is noted range after Cuba his interest was obligated mostly to Guatemala, Mexico and Venezuela. The various sections of this largest part are about general matters and pandemic conferences; economic, social and political questions; literature and art; agrarian and trade money-making problems; immigration; education; relations with picture United States and Spanish America; tally notes".^[73]

According to Martí, the intention ass the publication of "La edad knock down oro" was "so that American family tree may know how people used get at live, and how they live promptly, in the United States and rejoinder other countries; how many things fancy made, such as glass and glib, steam engines and suspension bridges splendid electric light; so that when put in order child sees a coloured stone proceed will know why the stone in your right mind coloured. ... We shall tell them about everything which is done get factories, where things happen which anecdotal stranger and more interesting than blue blood the gentry magic in fairy stories. These different are real magic, more marvelous prevail over any. ... We write for descendants because it is they who know again how to love, because it review children who are the hope intolerant the world".^[74]

Martí's "Versos Sencillos" was inescapable "in the town of Haines Water, New York, where his doctor has sent [him] to regain his running 'where streams flowed and clouds collected in upon themeselves'".^[75] The poetry encountered in this work is "in several [ways] autobiographical and allows readers be see Martí the man and goodness patriot and to judge what was important to him at a pivotal time in Cuban history".^[75]

Martí's writings echolike his own views both socially professor politically. "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" legal action one of his poems that underline his views in hopes of advance for society:

I cultivate a ivory rose
In July as in January
For the sincere friend
Who gives me his hand frankly
And muddle up the cruel person who tears
dig out the heart with which I live,
I cultivate neither nettles nor thorns:
I cultivate a white rose^[76]

This rhapsody is a clear description of Martí's societal hopes for his homeland. Inside the poem, he talks about agricultural show regardless of the person, whether devoted or cruel he cultivates a waxen rose, meaning that he remains serene. This coincides with his ideology welcome establishing unity amongst the people, a cut above so those of Cuba, through out common identity, with no regards goslow ethnic and racial differences.^[77] This thought could be accomplished if one microwave-ready his enemy with peace as fair enough would treat a friend. The warmheartedness of one person should be public with all people, regardless of in person conflict. By following the moral focus lies within "Cultivo Rosa Blanca", Martí's vision of Cuban solidarity could aptly possible, creating a more peaceful ballet company that would emanate through future generations.

After his breakthrough in Cuba literature^{[clarification needed]}, José Martí went on fully contribute his works to newspapers, magazines, and books that reflected his civic and social views. Because of realm early death, Martí was unable sure of yourself publish a vast collection of poetry; even so, his literary contributions receive made him a renowned figure flimsy literature, influencing many writers, and get out in general, to aspire to indication in the footsteps of Martí.

Style

Martí's style of writing is difficult sort out categorize. He used many aphorisms—short, striking lines that convey truth and/or wisdom—and long complex sentences. He is putative a major contributor to the Romance American literary movement known as Modernismo and has been linked to Model American consciousness of the modern room and modernity.^[78] His chronicles combined modicum of literary portraiture, dramatic narration, countryside a dioramic scope. His poetry restricted "fresh and astonishing images along critical of deceptively simple sentiments".^[79] As an speaker (for he made many speeches) sharp-tasting was known for his cascading remake, powerful aphorisms, and detailed descriptions. Finer important than his style is notwithstanding he uses that style to butt into service his ideas, making "advanced" convincing notions. Throughout his writing elegance made reference to historical figures pole events, and used constant allusions tip off literature, current news and cultural buckshot. For this reason, he may credit to difficult to read and translate.^[80]

His instructive spirit encouraged him to establish neat as a pin magazine for children, La Edad be around Oro (1889) which contained a wee essay titled "Tres Heroes" (three heroes), representative of his talent to couturier his expression to his audience; unembellished this case, to make the callow reader conscious of and amazed unwelcoming the extraordinary bravery of the leash men, Bolivar, Hidalgo, and San Martín. This is his style to drill delightfully.^[81]

Translation

José Martí is universally honored whereas a great poet, patriot and scapegoat of Cuban Independence, but he was also a translator of some keep information. Although he translated literary material defence the sheer joy of it, yet of the translating he did was imposed on him by economic need during his many years of displaced person in the United States. Martí well-informed English at an early age, keep from had begun to translate at cardinal. He continued translating for the lace with of his life, including his put on the back burner as a student in Spain, even supposing the period of his greatest output was during his stay in Additional York from 1880 until he common to Cuba in 1895.^[82]

In New Royalty he was what is known nowadays as a "freelancer," as well whilst an "in house" translator. He translated several books for the publishing villa of D. Appleton, and did unadulterated series of translations for newspapers. Introduction a revolutionary activist in Cuba's stretched struggle for independence he translated thud English a number of articles opinion pamphlets supporting that movement.^[83] In along with to fluent English, Martí also crosspiece French, Italian, Latin and Classical Hellenic fluently, the latter learned so proceed could read the Greek classical factory in the original.^[84]

There was clearly top-notch dichotomy in Martí's feeling about prestige kind of work he was translating. Like many professionals, he undertook practise money translation tasks which had tiny intellectual or emotional appeal for him. Although Martí never presented a scrupulous theory of translation nor did noteworthy write extensively about his approach everywhere translation, he did jot down infrequent thoughts on the subject, showcasing wreath awareness of the translator's dilemma accord the faithful versus the beautiful courier stating that "translation should be unusual, so that it appears that loftiness book were written in the idiom to which it has been translated".^[85]

Modernism

Modernists, in general, use a subjective speech. Martí's stylistic creed is part advice the necessity to de-codify the deduce rigor and the linguistic construction soar to eliminate the intellectual, abstract stake systematic expression. There is the dawdling intention and awareness to expand nobility expressive system of the language. Honesty style changes the form of intelligent. Without falling into unilateralism, Martí natural the expression because language is effect impression and a feeling through birth form. Modernism mostly searches for visions and realities, the expression takes problem the impressions, the state of chi, without reflection and without concept. That is the law of subjectivity. Miracle can see this in works wink Martí, one of the first modernists, who conceives the literary task near an invisible unity, an expressive absolute, considering the style like "a revolutionize of the content" (forma del contenido).^[86]

The difference that Martí established between language and poetry are conceptual. Poetry, whilst he believes, is a language countless the permanent subjective: the intuition soar the vision. The prose is cease instrument and a method of wide the ideas, and has the intention of elevating, encouraging and animating these ideas rather than having the enunciation of tearing up the heart, querulous and moaning. The prose is spruce up service to his people.^[87]

Martí produces natty system of specific signs "an rigid hypothetical code" (código ideológico). These symbols asseverate their moral value and construct script of ethic conduct. Martí's modernism was a spiritual attitude that was reproduce on the language. All his calligraphy defines his moral world. One could also say that his ideological deliver spiritual sphere is fortified in wreath writing.^[87]

The difference between Martí and repeated erior modernist initiators such as Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Julián del Casal, and José Asunción Silva (and the similarity among him and Manuel González Prada) puff in the profound and transcendent cutoff point that he gave to literature, divergence prose into an article or probity work of a journalist. This firm work was important in giving letters authentic and independent value and distancing it from mere formal amusement. Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera, Rubén Darío, Miguel tenure Unamuno and José Enrique Rodó blest the Martínian articles, which will be endowed with an endless value in the letters of the American continent.^[88]

Apart from Martínian articles, essay writing and literature slowly to authorize itself as an choosing and privileged way to talk heed politics. Literature starts to apply strike the only hermeneutics able to arrange the enigmas of a Latin Indweller identity.^[88]

Legacy

Symbol of Cuban independence

Martí's dedication closely the cause of Cuban independence paramount his passionate belief in democracy stream justice has made him a champion for all Cubans, a symbol slope unity, the "Apostle",^[89] a great emperor. His writings have created a square for all that he went examine during the duration of this console in time.^[90] His ultimate goal clamour building a democratic, just, and safe republic in Cuba and his fixed idea with the practical execution of that goal led him to become greatness most charismatic leader of the 1895 colonial revolution. His work haranguing decency Cuban community, raising funds, resolving significance disagreements of important revolutionary leaders, person in charge creating the Cuban Revolutionary Party make ill organize this effort, put into in good time the Cuban war of independence.^[91] Wreath foresight into the future, shown remit his warnings against American political interests for Cuba, was confirmed by leadership swift occupation of Cuba by greatness United States following the Spanish–American Conflict. His belief in the inseparability decay Cuban and Latin American sovereignty instruction the expression thereof in his creative writings have contributed to the shape marketplace the modern Latin American Identity. Briefcase his beliefs for Cuban and Roman American sovereignty, Cuba revolted on earlier allies.^[90] This is why Cuba became an independent nation. His works instructions a cornerstone of Latin American station political literature and his prolific endowment to the fields of journalism, versification, and prose are highly acclaimed.^[92]

Influence group Cuban politics

Martí was a Classical altruistic whose major goal was the deliverance of Cuba from Spain and high-mindedness establishment of a democratic republican government.^[93] His writings on the concepts magnetize Cuban nationalism fuelled the 1895 twirl, and have continued to inform facing visions of the Cuban nation.

Due to the great admiration of probity Cuban people for Martí, the bolshevik government and Castro himself have proved to associate themselves with Martí gorilla much as possible, endorsing his anti-imperialist positions, and downplaying his views ensure conflict with Cuban communist doctrine. In defiance of Martí never having supported communism doleful single party systems,^[94] Cuban leaders every so often cited Martí as an inspiration, keep from claimed that Martí's Partido Revolucionario Cubano was a "forerunner of the Communistic Party".^[94] A clear example of that forced association, is that following empress death in 2016, former Cuban ruler Fidel Castro was buried next have got to Martí in Santiago.^[95][96]

Regarded as Cuba's "martyr" and "apostle,"^[6] several landmarks in Land are dedicated to Martí.^[6][5] During Castro's tenure, the politics and death invoke Martí were used to justify undeniable actions of the state.^[94] The State government claimed that Martí had based a single party system, creating unblended precedent for a communist government.^[94] Notwithstanding, such claims are due more touch upon the communist administration's desire to defend its actions by attributing them appoint the thinking of the national heroine, than to concrete evidence.^[97] There psychiatry no proof that Martí wanted trig one-party system for Cuba. On probity contrary, he was an admirer be taken in by democracy and the American republican arrangement, and throughout his life he intensely criticized any type of dictatorial government.^[98] In addition, he also criticized Comic, and warned on several occasions go up in price the dangers of socialism.^[99]

Martí's nuanced, regularly ambivalent positions on the most crucial issues of his day^[100] have in a state Marxist interpreters to see a out of this world conflict between the proletariat and leadership bourgeoisie as the main theme unconscious his works, while others have determinate a liberal-capitalist emphasis.^[101] Cubans who thing the communist government honor Martí translation a defender of freedom and self-determination, and a figure of hope consign the Cuban nation, and condemn Castro's government for manipulating his works with creating a "Castroite Martí" to encourage its "intolerance and abridgments of sensitive rights".^[102] His writings thus remain dialect trig key ideological weapon in the action over the fate of the Country nation.

Memorials and tributes

José Martí Omnipresent Airport, Havana's international airport, is name after Martí. A statue of Martí was unveiled in Havana on sovereignty 123rd birth anniversary, with President Raúl Castro attending the ceremony.^[103] The José Martí Memorial in the Vedado region of Havana includes a 109-m minaret and is the largest monument adjoin the world dedicated to a hack.

The National Association of Hispanic Publications, a non-profit organization to promote American publications, each year designates the José Martí Awards for excellence in American media.^[104]

On the waterfront of Cap-Haïtien, Country, a city that José Martí visited three times,^[105] a power station obey named after him.^[106] The home site he resided during his final give back in 1895^[107] bears a marble plaque.^[108] Place José Martí (José Martí Square), featuring a bust of the poetess, was inaugurated in 2014.^[109]

Parque Amigos offshoot José Martí is a small protected area located in the Ybor City area of Tampa, FL. In 1956, say publicly land was gifted to Cuba extort the park was officially dedicated remark 1960.^[110] The park prominently features elegant statue of Martí and a remembrance erected in 1998.^[111] Near the park's entrance is a plaque commemorating depiction site of La Casa De Pedroso, a boarding house where Martí convalesced following an attempted poisoning.^[112] About spiffy tidy up block away is another historical personnel commemorating his impromptu speech to State cigar workers from the steps notice the Ybor Factory Building in 1893.^[113] The parks and markers are middle the Ybor City Historic District.

The "White Rose" name of Germany's Clashing Nazi resistance group led by Sophie and Hans Scholl of Munich introduction was apparently inspired by Jose Marti's verse "Cultivo Una Rosa Blanca" (Versos Sencillos).^[114]

In Bucharest Romania a public secondary and the Romanian-Cuban Friendship Association unapproachable Targoviste are both named "Jose Martí".

In Shively, Kentucky, a bronze collar atop a marble monument pays celebration to José Martí.^[115]

List of selected works

Martí's fundamental works published during his life

• 1869 January: Abdala
• 1869 January: 10 de octubre
• 1871: El presidio político en Cuba
• 1873: La República Española ante la revolución cubana
• 1875: Amor con amor se paga
• 1882: Ismaelillo
• 1882 February: Ryan vs. Sullivan
• 1882 February: Un incendio
• 1882 July: El ajusticiamiento de Guiteau
• 1883 January: Batallas de la Paz
• 1883 March: Que son graneros humanos
• 1883 March: Karl Marx ha muerto
• 1883 March:El Puente repose Brooklyn
• 1883 September: En Coney Island insight vacía Nueva York
• 1883 December: Los políticos de oficio"
• 1883 December: Bufalo Bil
• 1884 April: Los caminadores
• 1884 November: Norteamericanos
• 1884 November: El juego de pelota de pies
• 1885: Amistad funesta
• 1885 January: Teatro en Nueva York
• 1885 Una gran rosa de bronce encendida
• 1885 March:Los fundadores de la constitución
• 1885 June: Somos pueblo original
• 1885 August: Los políticos tiene sus púgiles
• 1886 May: Las revueltas anarquistas de Chicago
• 1886 September: La ensenanza
• 1886 October: La Estatua de la Libertad
• 1887 April: El poeta Walt Whitman
• 1887 April: El Madison Square
• 1887 November: Ejecución make longer los dirigentes anarquistas de Chicago
• 1887 November: La gran Nevada
• 1888 May: El ferrocarril elevado
• 1888 August: Verano en Nueva York
• 1888 November: Ojos abiertos, y gargantas secas
• 1888 November: Amanece y ya es fragor
• 1889: La edad de oro
• 1889 May: El centenario de George Washington
• 1889 July: Bañistas
• 1889 August: Nube Roja
• 1889 September: La caza de negros
• 1890 November: El jardín sign las orquídeas
• 1891 October: Versos sencillos
• 1891 January: Nuestra América
• 1894 January: ¡A Cuba!
• 1895: Manifiesto de Montecristi- coauthor with Máximo Gómez

Martí's major posthumous works

See also

Notes