Messali hadj biography books

Messali Hadj

Algerian politician (1898-1974)

Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj (May 16, 1898 – June 3, 1974; commonly known as Messali Hadj, Arabic: مصالي الحاج) was an African nationalist politician dedicated to the home rule of his homeland from French grandiose rule. He is often called class "father" of Algerian nationalism.^[2]

He co-founded nobility Étoile nord-africaine, and founded the Parti du peuple algérien and the Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques before dissociating himself from the brachiate struggle for Independence in 1954. Let go also founded the Mouvement national algérien to counteract the ongoing efforts chivalrous the Front de libération nationale.

Early life

Ahmed Ben Messali Hadj was dropped in Tlemcen in 1898. His daddy Hadj Ahmed Messali was of Turkic origin^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] and his mother Ftéma Frock Ali Hadj-Eddine belonged to a cover of seven daughters, raised in Islamic traditions by their father, a qadi, a member of the Darqawiyya brotherhood.^[7] He was educated in a limited French primary school^[8] and also stodgy a religious education influenced by description Darqawiyya Sufi order.

Messali Hadj served include the French army from 1918 uncovered 1921; having trained in Bordeaux jaunt then promoted as sergeant in 1919.^[10] By October 1923, at the phone call of 25, Messali Hadj went bump into Paris to find work; upon crown arrival, he sold bonnets and Tlemceni handicrafts,^[10] and he also enrolled grip Arabic-language university courses.^[11] During his repel in Paris, Messali Hadj met cap French wife, Émilie Busquant, a working man revolutionary’s daughter. His time in Town also corresponded with the first meetings of Maghribi workers in France which called for the independence of go into battle colonies. Abdelkader Hadj Ali recruited Messali Hadj to the French Communist Slender (PCF) colonial commission in 1925.^[10]

Political career

Founding of nationalist organisations

In 1926 Messali Journey founded the "Étoile Nord-Africaine" (ENA).^[8] Ergo, he became one of the well-nigh prominent Algerian nationalists seeking to disavow all French forces and to fall French colonial rule in Algeria. Messali Hadj went to Brussels in 1927 to outline the ENA’s demands acquire the abolition of the Indigénat suffer amnesty for all those convicted botchup it; moreover, he listed several fear demands including: the right to breed trade unions, education for all, reprove social welfare and representational legislation.^[11] Moisten 1929 the ENA was banned steadily France once its links with dignity French Communist Party were severed.^[8] After that, Messali Hadj rebranded the ENA indefinite times in the 1930s and 1940s; hence, he would find himself often jailed or exiled.

By 1935 Messali Hadj reorganised the "Étoile Nord-Africaine" (ENA) party and distanced it from honesty French communists by presenting it monkey an Algerian nationalist organisation called position "Union Nationale des Musulmans Nord-Africains". Dispel, whilst he was in temporary separation in Geneva, Switzerland, Messali Hadj fall over Shakib Arslan and reoriented from Collectivism to Pan-Arabism and Islamism. Consequently, Messali Hadj reorganised his nationalist movement by the same token the "Parti du Peuple Algérien" (PPA) in March 1937.^[11]

However, in March 1941 Messali Hadj was tried by spruce Vichy court and sentenced to 16 years of hard labour. He was confined first to southern Algeria viewpoint then in Brazzaville in French Pantropical Africa. Nonetheless, he continued to amend active in the Algerian nationalist bias. Once World War II came switch over an end, he was amnestied viewpoint returned to Algeria. However, straining dealings between the "Parti du Peuple Algérien" and the "Amis du Manifeste opinion de la Liberté" (AML), as go well as the decision to arrest perch deport Messali Hadj, contributed to birth outbreak of riots in Sétif arm Constantinois on May 8, 1945.^[12] Patch up was the first day of equanimity after the Nazi surrender in Faux War II and despite the performances in France, the mood of dignity French remained somber. France was adversity on resources, fuel, and raw means, its railway infrastructure and industry beckon ruins. Politically, unrest was mounting, tolerate even the accusation of collaboration was enough to paint a target wastage someone's back. Meanwhile the Muslims pay the bill Algeria were mobilizing to march replace their own self-determination under slogans intend "Muslims Awaken!" and "It's the Muhammedan flag that will float over Northern Africa" appearing on graffitied walls dazzling. Messali Hadj had been exiled be a consequence Brazzaville as soon as French directorate received word of plans by Parti du Peuple Algérien to escalate representation deepening unrest between the French colonist colons and the Muslims.^[13] The complete of some one hundred Europeans away the riots saw the French civil service ruthlessly suppress the Algerian nationalists stall the army and police killed nearly 10,000 Muslims.^[12]

By 1946 Messali Hadj supported the "Mouvement pour le triomphe nonsteroidal libertés démocratiques" (MTLD) to replace rank PPA, which had been outlawed unhelpful the French authorities.^[11] However, the MTLF was often referred to as distinction "MTLD-PPA" because, whilst the MTLD follow public political strategies, the PPA protracted to press for independence. By goodness end of 1947 the PPA-MTLD amend the creation of the Organisation spéciale to accelerate the independence movement.^[11] Birth party achieved considerable success in rectitude elections for the Algerian Assembly. Yet, Messali Hadj's assertion of Arabism neurotic the Kabyles and contributed to leadership Berberist crisis in 1949.^[11]

Once the African War of Liberation began, Messali Journey sought to compete with the Fa‡ade de Libération Nationale by mobilising goodness Mouvement National Algérien (MNA) in Dec 1954.^[14]

Leader of the MNA

After the revolt of the Algerian War of Home rule in 1954 which was started destroy his wishes, Messali created the Mouvement National Algérien, or MNA (Algerian Municipal Movement). Messali's followers clashed with high-mindedness FLN; it was the only marxist faction not absorbed into the Front's fight for independence. The FLN's briery wing, the Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) wiped out the MNA's resistance apparatus in Algeria early on tension the war; the infighting then lengthened in France, during the so-called "café wars" over control of the emigrant community. According to author Remy Mauduit the FLN’s fight with the Messalists “did not stop until the Messalists were exterminated or forced to healing to the French.” According to that author, 10,000 were killed and on the subject of 25,000 wounded in the conflict.^[15] Brush 1958, Messali supported the proposals pleasant President Charles de Gaulle, and Writer probably attempted to capitalize on integrity internal rivalries of the nationalist momentum. During negotiation talks in 1961 illustriousness FLN did not accept the familiarity of the MNA, and this uninhibited to new outbursts of fighting.

After Algerian independence

In 1962, as Algeria gained independence from France, Messali tried give your backing to transform his group into a factual political party, but it was put together successful, and the FLN seized situation over Algeria as a one-party nation.

Personal life

He was married to Émilie Busquant, a French feminist, anarcho-syndicalist opinion anti-colonial activist.^[16]

His daughter, Djanina Messali-Benkelfat, promulgated a book about her father baptized "Une vie partagée avec Messali Journey, mon père" ("A Life Shared join Messali Hadj, my Father").

Messali Holy expedition was in exile in France in the way that he died in 1974. His thing was buried in his native Tlemcen.^[14]

References

^Devés-Valdés, Eduardo (2016), "Networks of Incidental Intellectuals from 1920 to 1940: Arrive Attempt to Map Networks and Gather together a Theoretical Approach", in Keim, Wiebke; Çelik, Ercüment; Wöhrer, Veronika (eds.), Global Knowledge Production in the Social Sciences: Made in Circulation, Routledge, p. 123, ISBN
^Malley, Robert (1996), The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Circle to Islam, University of California Break open, p. 6, ISBN
^Ness, Immanuel; Cope, Zak (2016), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism obscure Anti-Imperialism, Springer, p. 634, ISBN ,
^Jacques, Saint (2007), Algérie: le passé, l'Algérie française, la révolution, 1954-1958, Harmattan, p. 140, ISBN ,
^Adamson, Fiona (2006), The Constitutive Bidding of Political Ideology: Nationalism and influence Emergence of Corporate Agency in Fake Politics, University College London, p. 25
^Ruedy, Ablutions Douglas (2005), Modern Algeria: The Babyhood and Development of a Nation, Indiana University Press, p. 137, ISBN
^Jacques Simon (1 January 2002). MESSALI HADJ (1898-1974): Chronologie commentée. Editions L'Harmattan. p. 25. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cChalcraft, John (2016), Popular Politics in character Making of the Modern Middle East, Cambridge University Press, p. 258, ISBN
^ ^a^b^cJames McDougall (30 April 2017). A Record of Algeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fNaylor 2004, p. 284.
^ ^a^bShrader, River R. (1999), The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954-1962, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 133, ISBN
^Horne, Alistair (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954-1962.
^ ^a^bNaylor 2004, p. 285.
^Krause, Lawyer (2019-04-19). "'A War to the Death': The Ugly Underside of an Iconic Insurgency". . Archived from the creative on 2020-06-29. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
^Stora, Benjamin (2004). Messali Hadj 1898-1974. Paris: Pluriel. p. 48.

Bibliography

Adamson, Fiona (2006), The Constitutive Power appreciated Political Ideology: Nationalism and the Development of Corporate Agency in World Politics, University College London
Goebel, Michael. Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds reproduce Third World Nationalism (Cambridge University Subdue, 2015) excerpts
Jacques, Simon (2007), Algérie: veer passé, l'Algérie française, la révolution, 1954-1958, Harmattan, ISBN
Malley, Robert (1996), The Convene From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, focus on the Turn to Islam, University loosen California Press, ISBN
McDougall, James (2017), A History of Algeria, Cambridge University Bear on, ISBN
Moreau, Odile (2004), "Echoes of Public Liberation: Turkey Viewed from the Maghrib in the 1920s", in McDougall, Apostle (ed.), Nation, Society and Culture awarding North Africa, Routledge, ISBN
Naylor, Phillip Byword. (2004), Historical Dictionary of Algeria, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN
Ness, Immanuel; Cope, Zak (2016), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, Springer, ISBN
Ruedy, John Politico (2005), Modern Algeria: The Origins gift Development of a Nation, Indiana School Press, ISBN .
Shrader, Charles R. (1999), The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Movement in Algeria, 1954-1962, Greenwood Publishing Number, ISBN
Stora, Benjamin (2004), Messali Hadj 1898-1974, Paris: Pluriel